This review systematically summarizes the engineering application status and strengthening-ductilization strategies of TiAl alloys. It first outlines the three-generation evolution of TiAl alloys; notably, second-generation alloys (e.g., Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb) have been applied on a large scale in low-pressure turbine blades of aeroengines, whereas

third-generation alloys aim to achieve a better balance between high-temperature performance and hot workability but still face challenges such as microstructural instability. This article details the specific applications and value of TiAl alloys in the aviation, aerospace, and automotive fields and analyses the constraints imposed by their inherent “strength-ductility trade-off” on manufacturing and service. Furthermore, from the perspective of microstructure design, five major strengthening-ductilization strategies applicable to TiAl alloys, namely, the TWIP effect, nanolamellar structures, core-shell/honeycomb structures, composites, and PST single-crystal technology, are reviewed, and their underlying micromechanisms for enhancing strength and ductility are delved into. Finally, the future prospects of TiAl alloys are discussed, highlighting pathways such as multiscale microstructure design, advanced processing techniques, composite development, and integrated design to promote their broader application in more advanced equipment.