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选区激光熔化铝硅合金研究进展
ResearchProgresson SelectiveLaser MeltingAl-Si Alloys
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- DOI:
- 作者:
- 李杭嵘 1，卜乐 1，谭永卓 1，邝海健 1，盘何毅 1，万杰 1，2，陈豫增 1，3，4
LI Hangrong1,BU Le1,TAN Yongzhuo1,KUANG Haijian1,PAN Heyi1,WAN Jie1,2,CHEN Yuzeng1,3,4
- 作者单位:
- 1. 西北工业大学 凝固技术全国重点实验室，陕西西安 710072；2. 西北工业大学 重庆科创中心，重庆 401135；3. 西北工 业大学 宁波研究院，浙江 宁波 315103；4. 苏州匀晶金属科技有限公司，江苏 苏州 215024
1. State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China; 2. Innovation Center NPU, Chongqing 401135,China; 3. Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo 315103,China; 4. Suzhou Yunjing Metal Technology Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215024,China
- 关键词:
- 铝硅合金；熔池；微观组织；力学性能；热处理
selective laser melting; Al-Si alloys; melting pools; microstructure; mechanical properties; heat treatment
- 摘要:
- 选区激光熔化(selective laser melting, SLM)是一种基于粉末床熔融的金属增材制造技术，通过高能激光束逐层扫描金属粉末，实现快速熔化与凝固，最终成形具有复杂几何结构的致密金属零件。 该技术凭借数字化设计自由度高、材料利用率优异以及近净成形等特点，在航空航天、生物医疗和汽车制造领域展现出显著优势。 铝硅合金作为轻量化结构材料的代表，其低密度、高比强度以及与 SLM 工艺适配的宽凝固区间特性，使其成为金属增材制造领域的研究热点。 然而，SLM 成形铝硅合金的力学性能仍存在显著缺陷：其塑性不足(水平方向伸长率约 7%，垂直方向约 4%)且具有严重的各向异性，难以满足航空航天领域对承力构件高可靠性的要求。 本文重点分析了 SLM 不同体系铝硅合金熔池的动态变化，然后综述了 SLM 铝硅合金的微观组织特征、力学性能和热处理对力学性能的影响，并对未来铝硅合金的成分改性进行了展望。Selective laser melting (SLM) is a metal additive manufacturing technology based on powder bed melting that enables rapid melting and solidification by scanning the metal powder layer by layer with a high-energy laser beam and finally forms dense metal parts with complex geometric structures. This technology offers significant advantages inaerospace, biomedical and automotive manufacturing because of its high degree of digital design freedom, excellent material utilization and near-net formation. As representative lightweight structural materials, Al-Si alloys have become a research hotspot in the field of metal additive manufacturing because of their low density, high specific strength and wide solidification interval adapted for the SLM process. However, the mechanical properties of SLM-formed Al-Si alloys still have significant defects: their plasticity is insufficient (approximately 7% in the horizontal direction and approximately 4% in the vertical direction), and they have severe anisotropy, which makes it difficult to meet the requirements of high reliability of load-bearing components in the aerospace field. In this paper, the dynamic changes in the furnace hearth of Al-Si alloys with different SLM systems are analysed, the microstructure characteristics, mechanical properties and effects of heat treatment on the mechanical properties of selective laser melted Al-Si alloys are reviewed, and future composition modifications of Al-Si alloys are proposed.